Кешишев Н.Г.

Introduction. Application of endourological interventions is the first step for treatment number of diseases of urinary tract. However, experience has shown, to date short-term and long-term results occasionally are worse for patients pretreated with minimally invasive methods, then open surgery. Still it is open to discuss about choice between methods of treatment for primary and second application of patients with damages of urinary tract.

Introduction: Urethral stricture is one of the most difficult problems of urological reconstruction surgery.

Materials and methods. The widespread use of minimally invasive and endoscopic techniques leads to an increase in the length and degree of spongiofibrosis, which in the future can negatively affect the result of primary urethroplasty and the quality of life. Buccal graft is the most common and preferred plastic material in the treatment of strictures of the penile and bulbous urethra in men.

Introduction: Vesicourethral anastomosis strictures (VUAS) after radical prostatectomy (RP) are the most common late complication along urinary incontinence. Presence of a stricture can be followed by urinary incontinence, although continent patients report stricture morbidity as well. Urinary continence is a decisive factor in the treatment algorithm.

Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital anomaly, in which the ureter curves around the inferior vena cava. Compression of the ureter by inferior vena cava may lead to obstruction and hydronephrosis. This literature review represents data on diagnosis and treatment of retrocaval ureter.

Authors declare lack of the possible conflicts of interests.

Osteoporosis in men is a significant medical, social and economic problem. Despite the fact that osteoporosis is considered to be more com­mon for women than for men, it has been calculated that up to one third of fractures in men are accounted by osteoporosis. Osteoporosis in men often remains untreated due to little attention to the problem, which therefore increases the risk of new fractures.

Introduction. 30 years ago, the PSA test made a radical change in prostate cancer diagnostics. However, today there is hard data indicating its limited diagnostic relevance of this marker. A search for new markers of prostate cancer and development of test systems on their basis is becoming relevant.

Due to implementation of minimally invasive techologies (laparoscopic surgery, Da vinci roobot) over the last 10 years, there are several publications for the nuances and effectiveness of extraperitoneoscopic adenomectomy (EA) in patients with large volume (>80 cm3) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). e analysis of scientific literature showed that EA becomes more entrenched among urologists, however, resulting from lack of data for long-term treatment outcomes and a retrospective format of studies, this surgery is still being investigated (level of evidence 2).

Osteoporosis could be present in the different conditions: oncologic, endocrinologic and rheumatologic diseases, diseases of the gastrointestinal system, kidneys, lungs and also as the complication of the intake of somemedications (corticosteroids, gonadotropin-releasing-hormone analogues (GnRH-A), etc.). According to the literature data, osteoporosis develops in 40-50% of patients with prostate cancer after 2 years on GnRG-A.

Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of the prostate cancer (PCa) is a carcinoma of prostate containing neuroendocrine (NE) component. According to evidence, NED is present in approximately 40% of cases; sole NE prostate cancer is a case in 0.5-2% of patients. The most reliable marker for NED to time is Chromogranin A (ChA). 

Introduction. Chromogranin-A (CgA) is the most popular marker for neuroendocrine tumors. CgA demonstrates acceptable diagnostic value in neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of prostate cancer (PC). At the same time there are conflicting data in the literature on NED detection frequency in PC patients, based on blood serum CgA level, which may be the result of variability of testing methods. There are two widely used blood serum CgA detection methods: DAKO (Denmark) and EuroDiagnostica (Sweden).