Рабинович Э.З.

Contacts: Kirpatovskiy Vladimir Igorevich, vladkirp@yandex.ru

The aim of this paper is to analyze up-to-date literature related to studies on renal regeneration in the condition of ischemic or toxic damage. The review analyzes the data on the presence and identification of stem/progenitor cells in the kidneys of adult males. These cells are present in different kidney structures (glomeruli, renal ducts). However, their leading role in the regeneration of damaged kidney structures has recently become open to doubt.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is followed by a series of neurological complications, which affect all parts of the nervous system. Among the disorders of the central nervous system are stroke, cognitive disorders, encephalopathy and dementia. Peripheral nervous system is mostly affected by autonomous and peripheral neuropathies. Understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of these disorders can help for their effective treatment. There are two hypotheses, vascular and neurodegenerative, which explain the diseases of the nervous system in patients with CKD.

Osteoporosis in men is a significant medical, social and economic problem. Despite the fact that osteoporosis is considered to be more com­mon for women than for men, it has been calculated that up to one third of fractures in men are accounted by osteoporosis. Osteoporosis in men often remains untreated due to little attention to the problem, which therefore increases the risk of new fractures.

Osteoporosis could be present in the different conditions: oncologic, endocrinologic and rheumatologic diseases, diseases of the gastrointestinal system, kidneys, lungs and also as the complication of the intake of somemedications (corticosteroids, gonadotropin-releasing-hormone analogues (GnRH-A), etc.). According to the literature data, osteoporosis develops in 40-50% of patients with prostate cancer after 2 years on GnRG-A.

Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of the prostate cancer (PCa) is a carcinoma of prostate containing neuroendocrine (NE) component. According to evidence, NED is present in approximately 40% of cases; sole NE prostate cancer is a case in 0.5-2% of patients. The most reliable marker for NED to time is Chromogranin A (ChA). 

Introduction. Chromogranin-A (CgA) is the most popular marker for neuroendocrine tumors. CgA demonstrates acceptable diagnostic value in neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of prostate cancer (PC). At the same time there are conflicting data in the literature on NED detection frequency in PC patients, based on blood serum CgA level, which may be the result of variability of testing methods. There are two widely used blood serum CgA detection methods: DAKO (Denmark) and EuroDiagnostica (Sweden).

The most informative immunological analysis to reveal neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in prostate cancer diagnostics is evaluation of Chromogranin A (ChA) level. Rhe value of ChA in the diagnostics of prostate cancer (PCa) is studied since years. The evidence is controversial with regard to some aspects. But nevertheless most authors consider this analysis as valuable in terms of NED identification in patients with diagnosis of PCa. NED presence in these cases could be the sign of more aggressive disease.

Castration-refractory prostate cancer (CRPC) makes up 5-20% of all prostate cancer (PCa) cases. Basically the reason for CRPC is a regulation breakdown of the androgen receptors (AR). The altered ARs are seldom to see in the untreated cases, which stands for the role of the hormonal therapy on these AR changes. One of the perspective directions in the CRPC treatment is a combination therapy using somatostatin analogues (octreotide) and dexamethasone. Somatostatin plays an important role in the physiology of different organs, including prostate.

Ultrastructural studies have shown a wide morphological diversity of neuroendocrine cells (NEC), which is correlated with a large number of known secreted into the blood substances, including neuron-spesific enolase, chromogranin A (СgA), chromogranin B, bombesin, serotonin, somatostatin, thyroid-stimulating hormone like peptide, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, calcitonin. It is believed that the NEC in varying amounts are always present in prostate cancer (PC).