Introduction. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men. In Russia the number of patients with stage I-II prostate cancer increased from 47,7% in 2010 to 60,7% in 2021. One of the main methods of treatment of localized prostate cancer is high-dose-rate brachytherapy, which today provides high accuracy of prostate dose coverage and minimizes the impact on nearby risk organs. Within ever-increasing publications, high-dose-rate brachytherapy is considered as a method of safe and effective radical treatment of prostate cancer.

Materials and methods. Relevant publications were searched for in the PubMed and е-Library databases with the use of the keywords «brachytherapy», «highdose-rate brachytherapy», «brachytherapy as monotherapy». As a result of the search, 52 sources were selected and included in the given literature review.

Results and discussion. The first report on the use of brachytherapy as monotherapy appeared in 2000 where published the results of treatment and demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of the method. Despite the large number of studies conducted all over the world with various options of dose delivery per fraction, the optimal dose and fractionation mode for high-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy have not been determined yet.

Conclusions. Currently high-dose-rate brachytherapy of localized prostate cancer as monotherapy has become widespread. However, the available modern data on fractionation modes require further study and research.