Прилепская Е.А.

Introduction. Ureteroscopy is the primary treatment modality for patients with ureteral stones. Despite its high efficacy, this intervention can be associated with severe complications, among which ureteral avulsion is considered one of the most serious. An even rarer complication is mucosal avulsion, with only isolated cases reported in the literature.

The "gold" standard of diagnosis of prostate cancer is a transrectal multifocal prostate biopsy under ultrasound. The total number of columns of tissue obtained by needle biopsy, depending on the clinical picture and the presence of suspicious areas on ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. The most commonly represented prostatic adenocarcinoma cancer. In rare cases it can be diagnosed primary transitional cell cancer and mesenchymal tumors.

Introduction. Histological examination is crucial for the final conclusion in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The result depends on the experience and skill of the doctor performing the analysis of the microscopic picture of specimen of the prostate tissue. In this regard, task of automation of such analysis is the actual for improving objectivity and accuracy of the analysis.

The effectiveness of cryodestruction of the tissues depends on the quality of visualization of the process, of fast freezing and slow process of thawing, and also of repeating of the freeze-thaw cycles. The main factors that have a damaging effect on the tissue under the influence of low temperatures are: formation of intracellular and extracellular ice crystals, increase of the concentration of electrolytes and mechanical damage of structural components of cells. Thermal parameters used in the past with cryotherapy were inaccurate, leading to treatment failure.

Bladder diverticulum may be congenital or acquired. In the second case diverticulum often develop on the background of infravesical obstruction. Diverticulum are protrusions of the bladder wall through a defect in its wall. Knowing that morphologically diverticulum wall is represented by muscle fibers, full emptying of the diverticulum does not usually happen. This fact leads to the constant presence of residual urine in the cavity of the diverticulum and, as a consequence to the possibility of forming stones.