Перепечин Д.В.

Introduction. Urinary incontinence (UI) is one of the main long-term complications following prostate surgery, whether for cancer-related or benign conditions. According to the literature, UI occurs in 1-10% of cases, though some studies report rates as high as 50%. One of the surgical option for UI is the placement of a male sling. Despite the low level of evidence attributed to this method, interest in and the desire to utilize a less invasive procedure (compared to an artificial urinary sphincter) have persisted for decades.

More than 13 thousand cases of bladder cancer are registered in Russia annually that represents an actual problem in modern urologic oncology. Searching and characterization of new molecular markers of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC – 80% of bladder cancer cases), identified in tumor cells from urine sediment are needed. We have provided complex analysis of mutations in the key oncogenes of NMIBC using PCR and subsequent sequencing of exons 7 and 10 of the gene FGFR3, exons 9 and 20 of the gene PIK3CA.

A constant upwards trend is observed in Russian federation with regard to the bladder cancer (BCA) incidence. Early diagnostics plays a crucial role for the treatment efficacy. Biomarkers are contemporary used for diagnostics with some substances considered to be feasible for this application (tumor antigens, proliferation, adhesion and angiogenesis markers, etc.) More than 10 test systems were integrated in the clinic, which were more effective than urine cytology (UC), but nevertheless had some limitations.

Male urinary incontinence is a serious complication of the pelvic surgery. A modern approach is a male sling placement for continence restoration. Our study included 39 patients, which were operated in years 2009-2011 in the Scientific Institute of Urology due to urinary incontinence. Mean age of the patients was 64 years (range 51-81).

Bladder cancer is one of the main problems of modern urology. Currently ultrasound of the bladder and cystoscopy are the primary methods for diagnosing bladder cancer. e "ideal" method for laboratory diagnosis of bladder cancer should have high sensitivity and specificity, should be easily reproducible, inexpensive, be suitable for primary diagnosis, screening and follow-up of patients, for timely detection of recurrence. Urine cytology does not possess these properties.

The article presents a program of prevention of thromboembolic complications with the use of compression hosiery, which was held in the Federal State Institution "Research Institute of Urology" in 2010 to 2011. The programme aim was improving patient outcomes by reducing the thrombotic complications by using the integrated prevention of compression hosiery. The data of 1872 patients were analyzed to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of compression hosiery. The patients were divided into 2 groups.

Hormone therapy (HT) for prostate cancer (PCa) is the first line drug therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. The time between the onset of hormonal medications and the development of hormone-resistance is about 12-18 months, with 15-20% of patients with tumor primary resistant to HT. As a second-line chemotherapy various schemes with cytotoxic drugs have been proposed: mitoxantrone + prednisone, estramustine, estramustine + vinblastine, or vinorelbine +. Large randomized trials have proved schemes including docetaxel to be most efficient.

Vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are severe complications that take second place among causes of death in hospitalized oncologic patients and often revealed after autopsy. Vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism rates in oncologic patients are 4 – 15%. In addition new antiangiogenic medications can provoke coagulation system changes and following thrombosis. Thrombogenic risk factors depend on localization of tumor, blood red cells transfusions, narcosis duration, time of activation after surgery.