Ковченко Г.А.

Introduction. Chromogranin A has the greatest diagnostic value in detecting neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of a tumor. This work is devoted to the study of the therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) using somatostatin (AS) analogues based on the assessment of the neuroendocrine status of the tumor.

Due to implementation of minimally invasive techologies (laparoscopic surgery, Da vinci roobot) over the last 10 years, there are several publications for the nuances and effectiveness of extraperitoneoscopic adenomectomy (EA) in patients with large volume (>80 cm3) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). e analysis of scientific literature showed that EA becomes more entrenched among urologists, however, resulting from lack of data for long-term treatment outcomes and a retrospective format of studies, this surgery is still being investigated (level of evidence 2).

Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of the prostate cancer (PCa) is a carcinoma of prostate containing neuroendocrine (NE) component. According to evidence, NED is present in approximately 40% of cases; sole NE prostate cancer is a case in 0.5-2% of patients. The most reliable marker for NED to time is Chromogranin A (ChA). 

Introduction. Chromogranin-A (CgA) is the most popular marker for neuroendocrine tumors. CgA demonstrates acceptable diagnostic value in neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of prostate cancer (PC). At the same time there are conflicting data in the literature on NED detection frequency in PC patients, based on blood serum CgA level, which may be the result of variability of testing methods. There are two widely used blood serum CgA detection methods: DAKO (Denmark) and EuroDiagnostica (Sweden).

The most informative immunological analysis to reveal neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in prostate cancer diagnostics is evaluation of Chromogranin A (ChA) level. Rhe value of ChA in the diagnostics of prostate cancer (PCa) is studied since years. The evidence is controversial with regard to some aspects. But nevertheless most authors consider this analysis as valuable in terms of NED identification in patients with diagnosis of PCa. NED presence in these cases could be the sign of more aggressive disease.

Castration-refractory prostate cancer (CRPC) makes up 5-20% of all prostate cancer (PCa) cases. Basically the reason for CRPC is a regulation breakdown of the androgen receptors (AR). The altered ARs are seldom to see in the untreated cases, which stands for the role of the hormonal therapy on these AR changes. One of the perspective directions in the CRPC treatment is a combination therapy using somatostatin analogues (octreotide) and dexamethasone. Somatostatin plays an important role in the physiology of different organs, including prostate.

Introduction & Objectives: There is a great number of patients who have an indications for transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy are on chronic treatment with low-dose aspirin for different cardiovascular disease. The aim is to determine safety of prostate biopsy performance in patients receiving low-dose aspirin (75-100mg) without interruption before and after prostate biopsy procedure.

Ultrastructural studies have shown a wide morphological diversity of neuroendocrine cells (NEC), which is correlated with a large number of known secreted into the blood substances, including neuron-spesific enolase, chromogranin A (СgA), chromogranin B, bombesin, serotonin, somatostatin, thyroid-stimulating hormone like peptide, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, calcitonin. It is believed that the NEC in varying amounts are always present in prostate cancer (PC).

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases of older men. But the pathogenesis of the relationship of erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in this patients while not fully understood. The article presents different pathophysiological theory, confirming this relationship. Drug therapy in patients with BPH and erectile dysfunction is mostly preferred option.