Говоров А.В.

Objective. Since the firstcases of Coronavirus Disease were detected in Wuhan (Hubei Province, China) in December 2019, the spread distribution of COVID-19 has expanded so much that the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.

The "gold" standard of diagnosis of prostate cancer is a transrectal multifocal prostate biopsy under ultrasound. The total number of columns of tissue obtained by needle biopsy, depending on the clinical picture and the presence of suspicious areas on ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. The most commonly represented prostatic adenocarcinoma cancer. In rare cases it can be diagnosed primary transitional cell cancer and mesenchymal tumors.

The effectiveness of cryodestruction of the tissues depends on the quality of visualization of the process, of fast freezing and slow process of thawing, and also of repeating of the freeze-thaw cycles. The main factors that have a damaging effect on the tissue under the influence of low temperatures are: formation of intracellular and extracellular ice crystals, increase of the concentration of electrolytes and mechanical damage of structural components of cells. Thermal parameters used in the past with cryotherapy were inaccurate, leading to treatment failure.

Bladder diverticulum may be congenital or acquired. In the second case diverticulum often develop on the background of infravesical obstruction. Diverticulum are protrusions of the bladder wall through a defect in its wall. Knowing that morphologically diverticulum wall is represented by muscle fibers, full emptying of the diverticulum does not usually happen. This fact leads to the constant presence of residual urine in the cavity of the diverticulum and, as a consequence to the possibility of forming stones.

Widely used detection of the prostatic specific antigen (PSA) to the growth of the prostate biopsies being performed; introduction of the age-related normal values of PSA led to growth of the number of unjustified biopsies. As a result of this the constant need in the new prostate cancer biomarkers is obvious. PCA3 – is a non-coding mRNA, which is expressed exclusively by the prostate cells.

Patient with low-risk prostate cancer who previously had to choose between radical treatment and active surveillance may have a new treatment. The study of prostate cancer, technological advances in imaging and biopsy tools offer novel approaches to focal therapy. Focal therapy for prostate cancer eradicating the known and targeted cancer while sparing unaffected tissue and reducing the morbidity of treatment. Focal cryoablation of the prostate can selectively destroy tumor and preserve organ function without reducing quality of life of the patient.

Focal treatment of prostate cancer is possible only in case of precise localization of tumor inside prostate gland. Risk stratification and tumor mapping are the necessary conditions for the selection of candidates for focal cryoablation. As far as existing methods of visualization do not allow to authentically judge about localization and spread of tumor, the only method of prostate cancer mapping is transperineal templated biopsy, which in combination with pelvis MRI gives us the most accurate tumor staging.